پایش، تحلیل و ارزیابی ریسک سلامت آلاینده‌های جانبی گندزدایی در شبکه آب شرب تبریز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکترای محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

کلر، قدرت اکسیدکنندگی بالای مواد آلی طبیعی موجود در آب را دارد. تزریق کلر، باعث تولید محصولات جانبی گندزدایی سرطان‌زا و خطرناک تری‌ هالومتان‌ها می‌شود. در این پژوهش، از تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل توصیفی و سلسله مراتبی برای درک خصوصیات و عوامل خطرناک تأثیرگذار بر سلامت انسان در مواجهه با محصولات جانبی گندزدایی در آب آشامیدنی شهر تبریز استفاده شد. این پژوهش، به منظور ارائه اطلاعات کلیدی و راهبردی برای انجام اقدامات مدیریتی و کاربردی برای کاهش ریسک سرطانی و غیرسرطانی انجام شد. این پایش و تحلیل با جمع‌آوری نمونه‌های مکفی این پژوهش، در فصول خشک و مرطوب سال با تمرکز بر عوامل نسبی تراکم جمعیت منطقه و توپوگرافی بافت شهری برای پهنه‌بندی کاربردی و مدیریتی، از شبکه توزیع آب آشامیدنی شهر تبریز به‌روش استاندارد با قرائت برخی پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی در محل نمونه‌برداری و انتقال نمونه‌ها در کمترین زمان ممکن به آزمایشگاه و آماده‌سازی نمونه‌ها و اندازه‌گیری ترکیبات تری‌ هالومتان توسط دستگاه کروماتوگرافی گازی و آشکارساز اسپکترومتر جرمی انجام شد. نتایج به‌دست آمده نشان داد که بیشترین میانگین غلظت نسبی در شبکه شهری، مربوط به منطقه‌ای است که درصد بیشتری از آبهای سطحی تأمین شده که عبارت است از کلروفرم ppb 3049/1، بروموفرم ppb 0961/2، دی کلرو برومومتان ppb 7713/2 و دی بروموکلرومتان ppb 1891/4 که با این وجود، بسیار کمتر از رهنمودهای بیان شده توسط استاندارد ملی ایران و آژانس حفاظت‌ از محیط‌زیست آمریکا و سازمان بهداشت جهانی است. نتایج برای ارزیابی ریسک سلامت انسان به چندین زیرگروه از نظر فصل خشک یا مرطوب، مناطق مختلف شهری، آبهای سطحی یا زیرزمینی به‌عنوان منبع، تقسیم شدند. علاوه بر این، در این پژوهش خطرات سلامت جمعیت‌ با جنسیت و سنین مختلف نیز برآورد شد. در تقسیم‌بندی زمانی، خطر سلامت ناشی از قرار گرفتن در معرض DBPs در آب آشامیدنی در فصل مرطوب 3/7 درصد بیشتر از فصل خشک بود. میزان کل ریسک سرطان برای افرادی که همه طول عمرشان در این منطقه سکونت کنند عدد 7.63E-06 شد. همچنین شاخص خطر غیرسرطان‌زایی (HI=3.43E-02<1) نشان داد در شرایط کنونی خطر سلامت وجود ندارد. در تقسیم‌بندی سنی و جنسیتی، ارزیابی خطر سلامت قرار گرفتن مردان در مقایسه با زنان در معرض DBPs به‌عنوان گروه بزرگ‌سال هم‌تراز شد، اما بین زیرگروه سنی مختلف تفاوت‌هایی وجود داشت. خطر ابتلا به سرطان در کودکان 52 درصد بیشتر از بزرگ‌سالان بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Monitoring, Analyzing and Human Health Risk Assessment Produces Disinfection By-Products in Tabriz Drinking Water Network

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Khaleghi 1
  • Amir Arsellon Pardakhti 2
1 MSc. Student, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD. Student, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Chlorine has the high oxidation power of natural organic matter in water. Chlorine injection produces disinfection by-products as carcinogens and more dangerous (THMs). We used descriptive and hierarchical analysis to understand the characteristics and dangerous factors affecting human health in the face of DBPs in the drinking water of Tabriz City. This research was done in order to provide key and strategic information to perform managerial and practical measures to reduce the risk of cancer and non-cancer. Monitoring and analysis was done by collecting sufficient samples of this research in the dry and wet seasons of the year, focused on the relative factors of the population density of the region and the topography of the urban fabric for functional and management zoning of drinking water distribution network in Tabriz City; Also, by reading some physical and chemical parameters at the sampling site. Samples were transferred to the laboratory in the shortest possible time and samples were prepared and trihalomethane compounds were measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer detector. The results showed that the highest average concentration in the Urban network, belongs to the region where a higher percentage of surface water is supplied, which is chloroform 1.3049 ppb, bromoform 2.0961 ppb, bromodichloromethane 2.7713 ppb and dibromochloromethane 4.1891 ppb, which is still less than the guidelines stated by the National Standard of Iran and USEPA and WHO. Conclusion: The results were divided into several subgroups in terms of dry or wet season, different urban areas, surface water or underground water as a source to evaluate the risk of human health. In addition, we also estimated population health risks by gender and age. In the time division, the health risk from exposure to DBPs in drinking water in the wet season was 7.3% higher than the dry season. The total cancer risk for people living in the area all their life was 7.63E-06. Also, the non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI=3.43E-02<1). It shows that there is no health risk in the present situation. In the age and gender division, the health risk assessment of men exposed to DBPs compared to women was equalized as an adult group. But there were differences between different age subgroups. The risk of developing cancer in children was 52% higher than in adults.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Human Health Risk Assessment
  • Disinfection By-Products
  • Trihalomethanes
  • Cancer
  • Drinking Water

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