مجله آب و فاضلاب

مجله آب و فاضلاب

ارزیابی ریسک سلامت انسان در مواجهه با ترکیبات PAH در تالاب انزلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
راحیل نوذرپور 1
علیرضا ریاحی بختیاری 2
علی عظیمی 3
1 پژوهشگر پسادکترا، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، مازندران، ایران
2 استاد، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، مازندران، ایران
3 دانش‌آموخته دکترا، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، مازندران، ایران
10.22093/wwj.2025.525270.3495
چکیده
تالاب انزلی، منطقه حفاظت‌ شده بین‌المللی تحت کنوانسیون رامسر، به‌دلیل پل‌های عبور و مرور، تأسیسات نظامی، سیستم‌های فاضلاب شهری، پمپ‌بنزین‌ها، قایق‌های ماهیگیری، فعالیت‌های گردشگری و ماهیگیری، در معرض افزایش غلظت ترکیبات PAH قرار گرفته است. انتشار ترکیبات PAH برای جمعیت محلی که وابستگی زیادی به زیست‌بوم‌ تالاب دارند، منجر به انتقال و تجمع آلاینده‌ها در بافت‌های زیستی از طریق زنجیره غذایی و تماس پوستی با رسوبات می‌شود. در این پژوهش غلظت 16 ترکیب اولویت‌دار PAH، مطابق با دستورالعمل آژانس حفاظت محیط‌زیست ایالات‌متحده، در رسوبات دو منطقه شمالی- مرکزی که دارای انتشار زیاد PAH است و منطقه جنوبی تالاب که انتشار کمتری دارد، ارزیابی شد. ترکیبات PAH موجود در نمونه‌های رسوب با استفاده از دستگاه سوکسله استخراج شدند. سپس، برای شناسایی و تعیین کمّی 16 ترکیب PAH موجود در نمونه‌ها، با استفاده از کروماتوگرافی ستونی و طیف‌سنجی گازی ارزیابی شدند. برای مقایسه غلظت PAH بین مناطق شمالی- مرکزی و جنوبی تالاب انزلی، از آزمون یک‌طرفه پرمانوا استفاده شد. ریسک سلامت انسان ناشی از بلع و تماس پوستی با ترکیبات PAH با استفاده از رویکرد ارزیابی خطر ابتلا به سرطان و شاخص سمیّت کل ترکیبات PAH نسبت به بنزو [a] پایرن (TEQBaP) بررسی شد. غلظت کل 16 ترکیب PAH در منطقه شمالی- مرکزی تالاب بینng/g 87/2168 وزن خشک و ng/g 56/11403 متغیر بود و میانگین آن ng/g 60/6897 گزارش شد. در منطقه جنوبی تالاب، این مقدار بین ng/g 02/48 وزن خشک و ng/g 03/276 در نوسان بود و میانگین آن ng/g 132 ثبت شد. نتایج آزمون پرمانوا نشان داد که غلظت ترکیبات PAH در رسوبات تالاب میان مناطق مختلف تفاوت معناداری دارد (Pseudo-F = 127.05، p = 0.001). علاوه بر این، میزان TEQBaP در منطقه شمالی- مرکزی تالاب انزلی (43/166) به‌طور قابل‌توجهی بیشتر از منطقه جنوبی (67/26) تعیین شد. بر اساس ارزیابی ILCRingestion، خطر ابتلا به سرطان ناشی از بلع رسوبات تالاب (7-10 × 7) فاقد خطر ارزیابی شد. بااین‌حال، مقدار به‌دست ‌آمده از ILCRdermal در تالاب (3-10 × 1) نشان‌دهنده خطر زیاد سرطان‌زایی ناشی از تماس پوستی با ترکیبات PAH موجود در این رسوبات بود. تالاب انزلی به‌عنوان منطقه آلوده شناخته شد و ریسک سرطان در این تالاب 3-10×1 ارزیابی شد که نشان‌دهنده خطر زیاد سرطان‌زایی برای افراد بومی محسوب می‌شود. خطر سرطان‌زایی، به‌ویژه در مناطق مرکزی- شمالی تالاب که بخش گسترده‌ای از تالاب را شامل می‌شود، ارتباط مستقیمی با غلظت زیاد مشتقات نفتی و متیلاسیون دارد. در میان 16 ترکیب PAH اندازه‌گیری شده، نفتالین بیشترین غلظت را در مکان‌های آلوده‌تر نشان داده است. به‌منظور کاهش تأثیرات آلودگی، جایگزینی آسفالت با روسازی نفوذپذیر در مناطق مجاور تالاب، به کاهش رواناب هنگام بارندگی کمک می‌کند. همچنین، کاهش ترافیک از طریق جابه‌جایی پارکینگ‌ها به نقاط دورتر توصیه می‌شود تا از ورود آلاینده‌ها به محیط تالاب جلوگیری شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
ترکیبات هیدروکربنی حلقوی
منطقه حفاظت شده
ریسک سرطان
آلودگی رسوبات
تالاب

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Human Health Risk Assessment of PAHs from Anzali Wetland

نویسندگان English

Rahil Nozarpour 1
Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari 2
Ali Azimi 3
1 Postdoctoral Researcher, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
2 Prof., Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
3 PhD. Graduated, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
چکیده English

Anzali Wetland, as an internationally protected area under the Ramsar Convention, has been exposed to increasing concentrations of PAHs due to various factors such as transportation bridges, military facilities, urban sewage systems, gas stations, fishing boats, tourism, and fishing activities. PAHs emissions pose significant health risks to local populations who depend heavily on the wetland ecosystem, leading to the transfer and accumulation of pollutants in biological tissues through the food chain and dermal contact with sediments. Accordingly, the concentration of 16 priority PAH compounds, as identified by USEPA, was assessed in sediments from two regions: the central-northern area with high PAH emissions and the southern area of the wetland with lower emissions. PAH compounds in sediment samples were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracted samples were then analyzed using column chromatography and gas spectrometry to identify and quantify the 16 PAH compounds present. To compare PAH concentrations between the northern-central and southern regions of Anzali Wetland, PERMANOVA was performed. Human health risks associated with PAH ingestion and dermal exposure were assessed using ILCR approach and TEQBaP. The findings indicated that the total PAH concentration in sediments from the northern and central regions ranged from 2168.87 to 11403.56 ng/g dry weight, with an average of 6897.60 ng/g dry weight. In contrast, the total PAH concentration in the southern region was between 48.02 and 276.03 ng/g dry weight, averaging a dry weight of 132 ng/g. PERMANOVA results indicated a significant difference in PAH concentrations between different wetland regions (Pseudo-F=127.05, p=0.001). Furthermore, TEQBaP levels in the northern-central region (166.43) were considerably higher than in the southern region (26.67). Based on ILCRingestion assessments, the cancer risk due to sediment ingestion in the wetland was evaluated as negligible at 7×10⁻⁷. However, ILCRdermal values obtained in the wetland at 1×10⁻³ indicate a high carcinogenic risk from dermal exposure to PAH compounds in these sediments. Given that Anzali Wetland is classified as contaminated and the total incremental cancer risk is estimated at 1×10⁻³, this indicates a high carcinogenic risk for local residents. The elevated cancer risk in Anzali Wetland-particularly in the northern-central region, which constitutes a large portion of the wetland-is strongly associated with high concentrations of petroleum derivatives and methylation. Among the 16 PAH compounds measured, naphthalene exhibited the highest concentrations in more polluted locations. To mitigate pollution impacts, replacing asphalt with permeable pavement in areas surrounding the wetland is recommended, as this can help reduce runoff during rainfall. Additionally, reducing traffic by relocating parking areas farther away is advised to prevent pollutants from entering the wetland environment.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Protected Area
Cancerogenic Risk
Sediment Pollution
Wetland
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