Hybrid Nano-filtration and Micro-filtration Pilot Processes for the Removal of Chromium from Water

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Former Graduate Student of Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

2 Assist. Prof. of Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract

Heavy metal hexavalent chromium is known as a highly toxic compound and based on World Health Organization standards in concentrations greater than 50 micrograms per liter would lead to diseases such as allergic reactions, skin cancer, lung cancer, damage to the kidneys and liver, and also changes in the shape of the DNA genetic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the hybrid system of nano-filtration and micro-filtration processes to remove hexavalent chromium from water. Pilot implementation of 1 and 5 micron filters, sand filters, activated carbon filters, and NF (NF 90-400) was built. The effects of various parameters such as pH, pressure, concentration of chromium, concentration of sulfate and total dissolved solids (TDS) were studied on the removal of hexavalent chromium from drinking water. Pressure was changed from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa, pH was set in the range of 2 to10, the concentration of hexavalent chromium was in the range of 100 to 400 micrograms per liter and the concentration of sulfate oral solution was changed between 40 and 500 milligrams per liter. The results showed that the efficiency of chromium removal increased as pH was increased. The removal of chromium dropped when the pressure was increased from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa. In addition, a decreasing trend was observed in removal efficiency by increasing the concentration of chrome and sulfate. Optimal levels of hexavalent chromium concentration was 100 micrograms per liter. For pressure, pH, and sulfate concentration the optimal levels were 0.1 Mpa, 10 and 40 milligrams per liter, respectively. In general, pilot and experimental results showed that the system provided the ability to remove chromium in drinking water (tap water and distilled water) at a rate of 99%.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

 Aliane, A., Bounatiro, N., Cherif, A.T. & Akretche, D.E., 2001, "Removal of chromium from aqueous solution by complexation - ultrafiltration using a water-soluble macroligand", Water Research, 35(9) 2320-2326.
Altun, T. & Pehlivan, E., 2012, "Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by modified walnut shells", Food Chemistry, 132(2), 693-700.
Bachate, S.P., Nandre, V.S., Ghatpande, N.S. & Kodam, K.M., 2013, "Simultaneous reduction of Cr (VI) and oxidation of As (III) by Bacillus firmus TE7 isolated from tannery effluent", Chemosphere, 90(8), 2273-2280.
Barikbin, B., Mortazavi, B. & Moussavi, G., 2012, "Removal of hexavalent chromium and total dissolved solids from water using nanofiltration", Proc. International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, 43 (29), 140-143.
Basha, S. & Murthy, Z.V.P., 2007, "Kinetic and equilibrium models for biosorption of Cr(VI) on chemically modified seaweed, Cystoseira indica", Process Biochemistry, 42(11),1521-1529.
Basha, S., Murthy, Z.V.P. & Jha, B., 2008, "Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by chemically modified seaweed, Cystoseira indica", Chemical Engineering Journal, 137(3), 480-488.
Bohdziewicz, J., 2000, "Removal of chromium ions (VI) from underground water in the hybrid complexation-ultrafiltration process", Desalination, 129 227-235.
Brad, H.B., Kim, C., Kramar, U. & Stuben, D., 2005, Interactions of heavy metals in the environment: Origin, interaction and remediation, London Elsevier Ltd., UK.
Bruggen, B. & Vandecasteele, C., 2003, "Removal of pollutants from surface water and groundwater by nanofiltration: Overview of possible applications in the drinking water industry", Environmental Pollution, 122(3), 435-445.
Cervantes, C., Silvia, J.C.G., Felix, D., Herminia, G.C., Juan Carlos, L.T. & Rafael, M.S., 2001, "Interactions of chromium with microorganism and plants", FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 25, 335-347.
Chiha, M., Samar, M.H. & Hamdaoui, O., 2006, "Extraction of chromium(VI) from sulphuric acid aqueous solutions by a liquid surfactant membrane (LSM)", Desalination, 194(1-3), 69-80.
Choia,W., Jeona, S. & Kwona, S.J., 2017, "Thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes prepared via layered interfacial polymerization", Journal of Membrane Science, 527, 121-128.
Galan, B., Castaneda, D. & Ortiz, I., 2005, "Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from polluted ground waters: A comparative study of ion-exchange technologies", Water Research, 39(18), 4317-4324.
Hafiane, A., Lemordant, D. & Dhahbi, M., 2000, "Removal of hexavalent chromium by nanofiltration", Desalination, 130(3), 305-312.
Hilal, N., Al-Zoubi, H., Darwish N.A., Mohammad, A.W. & AbuArabi, M.A., 2004, "Comprehensive review of nanofiltration: Treatment, pretreatment, modeling, and atomic force microscopy", Desalination, 170(4) 281-308.
Kishore, N., Sachan, S., Rai, K, N. & Kumar, A., 2003, "Synthesis and characterization of a nanofiltration carbon membrane derived from phenol-formaldehyde resin", Carbon, 41(15), 2961-2972.
Kosutic, K., Novak, I., Sipos, L. & Kunst, B., 2004, "Removal of sulfates and other inorganics from potable water by nanofiltration membranes of characterized porosity", Separation and Puriļ¬cation Technology, 37(3) 177-185.
Kouti, K., Novak, I., Sipos, L. & Kunst, B., 2004, "Removal of sulfates and other inorganics from potable water by nanofiltration membranes of characterized porosity", Separation and Purification Technology, 37(3), 177-185.
Kozlowski, C.A. & Walkowiak, W., 2002. "Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by polymer inclusion membranes", Water Research, 36(19), 4870-4876.
 Lee, A., Elamb, J. & Darling, S., 2016, "Membrane materials for water purification: Design, development, and application", Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 2, 17-42.
Mohammad, A.W., Teow, Y.H., Ang, W.L., Chung, Y.T. & Oatley-Radcliffe, L. & Hilal, N., 2015, "Nanofiltration membranes review: Recent advances and future prospects", Desalination, 356, 226-254.
Muthukrishnan, M. & Guha, B.K., 2008. "Effect of pH on rejection of hexavalent chromium by nanofiltration", Desalination, 219(1), 171-178.
Muthukrishnan, M. & Guha, B.K., 2006, "Heavy metal separation by using surface modified nanofiltration membrane", Desalination, 200, 351-353.
Piedra, E., Álvarez, R. & Luque, S., 2014, "Hexavalent chromium removal from chromium plating rinsing water with membrane technology", Desalination and Water Treatment, 53(6), 1431-1439.
Religa, P., Kowalik-Klimczak, A. & Gierycz, P., 2013, "Study on the behavior of nanofiltration membranes using for chromium(III) recovery from salt mixture solution", Desalination, 315, 115-123.
Ren, X., Zhao, C., Songshan, D., Wang,T., Luan, Z., Wang, J. & Hou,D. 2010. "Fabrication of asymmetric poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) nanofiltration membrane for chromium(VI) removal", Desalination, 22(9), 1335-1341.
Ritchie, S.M.C. & Bhattacharyya, D., 2002, "Membrane-based hybrid processes for high water recovery and selective inorganic pollutant separation", Journal of Hazardous Materials, 92(1) 21-32.
Simon, J., & Brusce, J., 2003, Membranes for industrial wastewater recovery and re-use,  London Elsevier Ltd., UK.
Stasinakis, A.S., Thomaidis, N.S. & Lekkas, T.D., 2003, "Speciation of chromium in wastewater and sludge by extraction with liquid anion exchanger amberlite LA-2 and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry", Analytica Chimica Acta, 478, 119-127.
Stoppler, M., 1992, Hazardous metals in the environment techniques instrumentation in analytical chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Taleb-Ahmed, M., Taha, S., Maachi, R. &  Dorange, G., 2002, " The influenc of physico-chemistry on the retention of chromium ions during nanofiltration", Desalination, 145(1-3), 103-108.
Uyaka, V., Koyuncu, I., Oktem, I., Mehmet, I., Cakmakci, M. & Toroz, I., 2008, "Removal of trihalomethanes from drinking water by nanofiltration membranes", Journal of Hazardous Materials,152, 789-794.
WHO, 2008, Guidelines for drinking water quality, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Yoon, J., Amy, G., Chung, J. Sohn, J., & Yoon, Y., 2009, "Removal of toxic ions (chromate, arsenate, and perchlorate) using reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration membranes", Chemosphere, 77 (2), 228-235.
Journal of Water and Wastewater; Ab va Fazilab ( in persian )
Volume 29, Issue 5 - Serial Number 117
November and December 2018
Pages 41-50

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics