پتانسیل استفاده‌ مجدد از آب برای مصارف خانگی بخش دوم- مسائل فنی و مقررات مربوط به سلامت عمومی

نوع مقاله : مقالات مروری

نویسندگان

استاد، بخش مهندسی عمران و محیط ‌زیست، دانشگاه کالیفرنیا، دیویس، کالیفرنیا، آمریکا

چکیده

این مقاله، دومین بخش از سری‌ مقالاتی است که در مورد استفاده مجدد از آب و پتانسیل کاربرد آن برای مصارف خانگی نوشته شده است. در بخش اول مقاله اطلاعات مقدماتی مورد نیاز در مورد دلایل و ضرورت‌های استفاده مجدد در مصارف خانگی و همچنین ارزیابی آب بازیافتی و مقایسه با منابع آبی دیگر ارائه شد. هدف اصلی در بخش دوم، بررسی مسائل فنی و مقررات مربوط به سلامت‌ عمومی است که هنگام استفاده مجدد از آب برای مصارف خانگی باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. عناوین مورد بحث در این مقاله شامل موارد زیر است: ۱) الزامات مربوط به سلامت عمومی در استفاده مجدد از آب برای مصارف خانگی، ۲) نقش سلسله تصفیه‌‌هایی که در استفاده مجدد از آب برای مصارف خانگی به کار گرفته می‌شود، ۳) اهمیت کنترل آلاینده‌ها از منشأ تولید، ۴) ارتقای تصفیه‌خانه فاضلاب ثانویه برای استفاده مجدد آب برای مصارف خانگی، و ۵) حائل محیط‌ زیستی برای استفاده مجدد از آب برای مصارف خانگی. چگونگی پیشبرد این امر و چالش‌های به‌کارگیری، از جمله ارتباط عمومی در ارتقای دانش مردم، در بخش سوم مورد بحث قرار گرفته‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Potential Application of Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse: Part II- Technical and Regulatory Issues

نویسندگان [English]

  • Masoud Kayhanian
  • George Tchobanoglous
Prof., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
چکیده [English]

This paper (Part II) is the second in a series of three papers on water reuse and the potential application of potable water reuse in Iran. Introductory and background material on potable reuse was presented in Part I. The principal focus of this paper (Part II) is on the technical and regulatory issues that must be considered in implementing a potable water reuse program. Topics addressed in this paper include: 1) public health considerations in potable reuse, 2) representative advanced treatment trains used in potable reuse, 3) the importance of source control, 4) upgrade to secondary wastewater treatment plant for potable reuse, and 5) environmental buffer for potable reuse. The path forward and implementation challenges, including public outreach, are addressed in Part III.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water Reuse
  • Potable Reuse
  • Indirect Potable Reuse
  • Direct Potable Reuse
  • Source Control
  • Secondary Wastewater Treatment
  • Design and Operations Upgrade
  • Environmental Buffer
  • Public Health and Regulatory Issues
APAI. 2015. Direct potable reuse resource document. Report Prepared for the Texas Water Development Board by Alan Plummer Associates, Inc., Fort Worth, TX.
Asano, T., Burton, F. L., Leverenz, H., Tsuchihashi, R. & Tchobanoglous, G. 2007. Water reuse: Issues, technologies, and applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brandhuber, P. 2016. Surrogates and log reduction credits for pathogens. in Mosher, J.J., Varatanian, G.M. & Tchobanoglous, G. (Eds.),  Potable reuse research compilation: Synthesis of findings. Water Environment and Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
du Pisani, P.L. 2005. Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek’s Goreangab Reclamation Plant. In: S.J. Khan, M.H. Muston, & A.I. Schafer (Eds.), Integrated concepts in water recycling. University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia, pp. 193-202.
Gerringer, F. W., Venezia, T., Pecson, B., Trusselll, S.R. & Trusselll, R.R. 2015. Demonstrating the compliance of direct potable reuse trains with public health criteria. Proceedings of California Annual Reuse Conference, Los Angeles, CA.
Drewes, J. E. 2002. Water reclamation leading to indirect potable reuse in the U.S.A. – status, issues, and public perception. Proceedings of Sustainable Development of Water Resources Pluralizing Technology, Seoul, Korea.
Kayhanian M. & Tchobanoglous, G. 2016. Water reuse in Iran with emphasis on potable reuse. Scientia Iranica, 23(4), 1594-1617.
Linden, K., Salveson, A. & Thurston, J. 2012. Innovative treatment technologies for reclaimed water, WRRF-02-009, WateReuse Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
Mosher, J. J., Vartanian, G.M. & Tchobanoglous, G. 2016. Potable reuse research compilation: Synthesis of findings. Water Environment and Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
NWRI. 2013. Examining the criteria for direct potable reuse, recommendations of an NWRI independent advisory panel. WateReuse Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
Olivieri, A.W., Crook, J. Anderson, M.A., Bull, R.J., Drewes, J.E. Haas, C.N. 2016. Expert panel final report: Evaluation of the feasibility of developing uniform water recycling criteria for direct potable reuse. Report Prepared by the National Water Research Institute for the State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA.
Plumlee, M.H., Lopez-Mesas, M., Heidlberger, A., Ishida, K.P. & Reinhard, M. 2008. N- nitrosodimethylamine (NDAM) removal by reverse osmosis UV treatment and analysis via L-MS/MS. Water Research, 42(1-2), 374-55.
Salveson, A. Rauch-Williams, T. Dickenson, E. Drewes, J. Drury, D. McAvoy, D. & Snyder, S. 2012. Trace organic compound indicator removal during conventional wastewater treatment. Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
Salveson, A. Salveson, M., Mackey, E. & Flynn, M. 2014. Application of risk reduction principles to direct potable reuse, WateReuse Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
Salveson, A., Steinle-Darling, E., Trusselll, S., Trusselll, B. & McPherson, L. 2016. Guidelines for engineered storage for direct potable reuse. WateReuse Research Foundation: Alexandria, VA.
Schimmoller, L. 2016. Comparing advanced treatment approaches for a large-scale potable reuse project in Southeastern Virginia. Proceeding of WEFTEC, New Orleans, LA, September 26.
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L. & Stensel, H. D. 2003. Wastewater engineering: Treatment and reuse, 4th Ed., Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Tchobanoglous, G., Leverenz, H., Nellor, M. H. & Crook, J. 2011. Direct potable reuse: A path forward, WateReuse Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
Tchobanoglous, G., Stensel, H. D., Tsuchihashi, R. & Burton, F. L. 2014. Wastewater engineering: Treatment and resource recovery, 5th Ed., Metcalf & Eddy/AECOM, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Tchobanoglous, G., Cotruvo, J., Crook, E., McDonald, A., Olivieri, A., Salveson, R.S. & Trusselll, R. R. 2015. Framework for direct potable reuse, WateReuse Research Foundation, Alexandria, V.A.
Trusselll, R. R., Salveson, A., Snyder, S. A., Trusselll, R. S., Gerrity, D. & Pecson, B. M. 2015. Equivalency of advanced treatment trains for potable reuse, WateReuse Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.
USEPA. 1990. Guidance manual for compliance with the filtration and disinfection requirements for public water systems using surface water sources, Prepared by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. and HDR Engineering, Inc., United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
USEPA. 1998. Stage 1 disinfectant and disinfection byproduct rule, 63 CFR 69,390, Federal Register. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
USEPA. 2006. Ultraviolet disinfection guidance manual for the final long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule, Office of Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
USEPA. 2012. Guidelines for water reuse, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.
USEPA. 2017. Potable reuse compendium, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C.