نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شاهرود، ایران
2 مربی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شاهرود، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The aim of this study was to develop a model for estimation of major THMs produced as a result of river water disinfection. Experiments were designed for this purpose and different ratios of Cl2 to DOC were created in water samples to which were then added different concentrations of bromide ions. After the incubation period, analyzers were used to measure natural organic compounds, TOC, and DOC in the samples and the data thus obtained were fed into the SPSS software. Moreover, multivariate regression analysis was performed to extract the relevant statistical model. Four different formulas were obtained for predicting the rate of each of the THMs produced. Reaction time and bromide ion concentration were identified as the main factors involved in the production of THMs in the water supply investigated. In addition, the carcinogenicity of THMs in water samples reached its maximum with bromide concentrations between 207 and 246 µg/l. The formulas obtained in this study can be used as a simple and accurate tool for the initial estimation of THMs production in different water supplies.
کلیدواژهها [English]
10. Richardson, S.D. (2011). Disinfection by-products: formation and occurrence in drinking water, USEPA.
11. Panyakapo, M., Soontornchai, S., and Paopuree, P. (2008). “Cancer risk assessment from exposure to trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water.”J. of Environ. Sci., 20(3), 372-378.
12. Amjad, H., Hashmi, I., Saif Ur Rehman, M., Awan, A., and Ghaffar, S. (2013). “Cancer and non-cancer risk assessment of trihalomethanes in urban drinking water supplies of Pakistan.” J. of Ecotox Environ Safe, 91, 25-31.
13. Chowdhury, S., Champagne, P., and Mclellan, J. (2009). “Models for predicting disinfection byproduct formation in drinking waters: A chronological review.” J. of Sci. Total Environ., 407(14), 4189-4206.
14. Ding, G.Y., Zhang, X.R., Yang, M.T., and Pan, Y. (2013). “Formation of new brominated disinfection by-products during chlorination of saline sewage effluents.” J. of Water Res., 47(8), 2710-2718.
15. Tardif, R., Haddad, S., Catto, C., Hamelin, G., and Rodriguez, M.J. (2011). “Modeling exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water for an epidemiological study of adverse birth outcomes.” J. of Expo. and Environ. Epidemiol., 15(2), 138-146.
16. Zhang, X.I., Yang, H.W., Wang, X.M., Fu, Jing., and Xie, Y.F. (2013). “Formation of disinfection
by-products: Effect of temperature and kinetic modeling.” J. of Chemosphere, 90(2), 634-639.
17. Kohler, S.J., Buffam, I., Seibert, J., Bishop, K.H., and Laudon, H. (2009). “Dynamics of stream water TOC concentrations in a boreal headwater catchment: Controlling factors and implications for climate scenarios.” J. of Hydrol., 373(1/2), 44-56.
18. Kim, J.K. (2009). “Fate of THMs and HAAs in low TOC surface water.” J. of Environ. Res., 109(2),
158-165.
19. Fabbricino, M., and Korshin, G.V. (2009). “Modeling disinfection by-products formation in bromide-containing waters.” J. of Hazard. Mater., 168(2/3), 782-786.
20. USEPA. (2012). Chlorine residual measurement in aquatic solution, USEPA press. DOC: 4562153/258. USA.
21. Singh, K.P., and Gupta, S. (2012). “Artificial intelligence based modeling for predicting the disinfection by-products in water.” J.of Chemometr Intell Lab., 114, 122-131.
22. Kawasaki, N., Matsushige, K., Komatsu, K., Kohzu, A., and Nara, F.W. (2011). “Fast and precise method for HPLC-size exclusion chromatography with UV and TOC (NDIR) detection: Importance of multiple detectors to evaluate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter.” J. of Water Res., 45(18), 6240-6248.
23. Brenner, A., Shacham, M., and Cutlip, M.B. (2005). “Applications of mathematical software packages for modeling and simulations in environmental engineering education.” J. of Environ Modell Softw., 20(10), 1307-1313.
24. Rutqvist, J., Chijimatsu, M., Jing, L., Millard, A., and Nguyen, T.S. (2005). “A numerical study of THM effects on the near-field safety of a hypothetical nuclear waste repository-BMT1 of the DECOVALEX III project. Part 3: Effects of THM coupling in sparsely fractured rocks.” Int. J. of Rock Mech. Min. Sci.,
42(5-6), 45-755.
25. Elshorbagy, W.E., Abu-Qadis, H., and Elsheamy, M.K. (2000). “Simulation of THM species in water distribution systems.” J. of Water Res., 34(13), 3431-3439.
26. Parinet, J., Tabaries, S., Coulomb, B., Vassalo, L., and Boudenne, J.L. (2012). “Exposure levels to brominated compounds in seawater swimming pools treated with chlorine.” J. of Water Res., 46(3), 828-836.
27. Chen, B.Y., and Westerhoff, P. (2010). “Predicting disinfection by-product formation potential in water.”
J. of Water Res., 44(13), 3755-3762.
28. Uyak, V., Ozdemir, K., and Toroz, I. (2007). “Multiple linear regression modeling of disinfection by-products formation in Istanbul drinking water reservoirs.” J. of Sci. Total Environ., 378(3), 269-280.
29. Delarubia, A., Rodriguez, M., Leon, V.M., and Prats, D. (2008). “Removal of natural organic matter and THM formation potential by ultra- and nanofiltration of surface water.” J. of Water Res., 42(3), 714-722.
30. Jones, D.B., Song, H., and Karanfil T. (2012). “The effects of selected pre-oxidation strategies on I-THM formation and speciation.” J. of Water Res., 46(17), 5491-5498.
31. Nikolaou, A.D., Lekkas, T.D., and Golfinopoulos, S.K. (2004). “Kinetics of the formation and decomposition of chlorination by-products in surface waters.” Chem. Eng. J., 100(1/3), 139-148.
32. Fan, A.M. (2005). Cancer potency factor, Encyc Toxicol, 2nd Ed., EPA, California.
33. Chiu, H.F., Tsai, S.S., Wu, T.N., and Yang, C.Y. (2010). “Effect modification of the association between trihalomethanes and pancreatic cancer by drinking water hardness: Evidence from an ecological study.” J. of Environ. Res., 110(5), 513-518.
34. Adamowicz, W., Dupont, D., Krupnick, A., and Zhang, J. (2011). “Valuation of cancer and microbial disease risk reductions in municipal drinking water: An analysis of risk context using multiple valuation methods.” J. of Environ. Econ. Manag., 61(2), 213-226.
35. Kavacar, P., Sofuoglu, A., and Sofuoglu, S.C. (2009). “A health risk assessment for exposure to trace metals via drinking water ingestion pathway.” Int. J. of Hyg. Environ. Heal., 212(2), 216-227.
)