ارزیابی اهمیت ایستگاههای پایش کیفی رودخانه‌ها با استفاده از آنالیز مؤلفه‌های اصلی و آنالیز فاکتور، مطالعه موردی: رودخانه کارون

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی عمران_محیط زیست، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران

2 استادیار دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه تهران

3 استادیار دانشکده فنی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران

4 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی عمران-آب، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر

چکیده

ارزیابی شبکه پایش موجود در رودخانه‌ها و تعیین ایستگاههای پایش اصلی و فرعی گامی مهم در بهبود کارآیی و بهنگام‌سازی شبکه‌های پایش می‌باشد. در این مطالعه با استفاده از تکنیک‌های آنالیز مؤلفه‌های اصلی و آنالیز فاکتور، ایستگاههای پایش کیفی آب بخشی از رودخانه کارون ارزیابی شد. برای این منظور از بین ایستگاههای موجود، هشت ایستگاه انتخاب و با استفاده از داده‌های کیفی اندازه‌گیری شده در این ایستگاهها از سال 1380 تا 1382، ایستگاههای اصلی و فرعی تعیین شدند. در نهایت با استفاده از تحلیل همبستگی، اعتبار نتایج به دست آمده از این دو روش مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، می‌توان یک ایستگاه (بند میزان) را از مجموع هشت ایستگاه مورد مطالعه به عنوان ایستگاه فرعی مشخص کرد. همچنین مطالعه‌ای مشابه جهت تعیین متغیرهای کیفی اصلی از فرعی در این ایستگاهها انجام گرفت که نتایج به دست آمده از فاکتور KMO ، امکان استفاده از دو روش فوق جهت انجام این کار را تأیید نکرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of Importance of Water Quality Monitoring Stations Using Principal Components Analysis and Factor Analysis: A Case Study of the Karoon River

نویسندگان [English]

  • Rooholah Noori 1
  • Reza Kerachian 2
  • Ahmad Khodadadi Darban 3
  • Ahmad Shakibaienia 4
1 Grad. Student of Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Dept., Tarbiat Modares University
2 Assis. Prof. of Civil Engnieering, University of Tehran
3 Assis. Prof., Engineering College, Tarbiat Modares University
4 MSc in Civil Engineering, Amir-Kabir University of Technology
چکیده [English]

Assessment of monitoring networks of surface waters and determination of main and tributary stations is an important step in the development and improvement of these networks and in increasing their efficiency. In this study, Principal Components Analysis, PCA, and Factor Analysis, PFA, techniques were employed to evaluate water quality monitoring stations on theKaroonRiver. From among the monitoring stations available, eight were selected and the measured data from 2002 to 2004 were used to determine the main and tributary stations. Finally, results were validated employing the regression analysis technique. Based on the results obtained in this study, only one monitoring station (Bandemizan) was identified as the main one among the eight stations selected. Also a similar study was conducted to determine main and tributary quality variables; however, the results of the KMO factor did not confirm using PFA and PCA for this part of study.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Assessment of Monitoring Networks
  • principal components analysis
  • Factor analysis
  • The Karoon River
1- Morales, M. M., Marti, P., Llopis, A., Campos, L., and Sagrado, S. (1999). “An environmental study by factor analysis of surface seawaters in the gulfof Valencia(Western Mediterranean).” Anal. Chim. Acta., 394, 109–117.
2- Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Ferna´ndez, J. M., and Ferna´ndez, L. (2000). “Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga river, Spain) by principal component analysis.” Water Res., 34, 807–816.
3- Lu, W. Z., Wang, W. J., Wang, X. K., Xu, Z. B., and Leung, A. Y. T. (2003). “Using improved neural network to analyze RSP, NOX and NO2 levels in urban air in Mong Kok, Hong Kong.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 87, 235–254.
4- Shine, J. P., Ika, R. V., and Ford, T. E. (1995). “Multivariate statistical examination of spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal contamination in New BedfordHarbormarine sediments.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1781–1788.
5- Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E., and Deban, L. (1998). “Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis.” Water Res., 32, 3581–3592.
6- Perkins, R. G., and Underwood, G. J. C. (2000). “Gradients of chlorophyll a and water chemistry along an eutrophic reservoir with determination of the limiting nutrient by in situ nutrient addition.” Water Res., 34, 713–724.
7- Voutsa, D., Manoli, E., Samara, C., Sofoniou, M., and Stratis, I.(2001). “A study of surface water quality in Macedonia, Greece: Speciation of nitrogen and phosphorus.” Water Air Soil Pollut., 129, 13–32.
8- Ouyang, Y. (2005). “Application of principal component and factor analysis to evaluate surface water quality monitoring network.” Water Res., 39, 2621–2635.
9- Ouyang, Y., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Wu, Q. T., Shinde, D., and Huang, C. H. (2006). “Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality.” Water Res., 40, 3800-3810.
 10-Simeonov, V., Stratis, J. A., Samara, C., Zachariadis, G., Voutsa, D., Anthemidis, A., Sofoniou, M., and Kouimtzis, T. H. (2003). “Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece.” Water Res.,37, 4119- 4124.
11- Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., and Sinha, S. (2004). “Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomtiriver (India) a case study.” Water Res., 38, 3980–3992.
12- Kalin, M., Cao, Y., Smith, M., and Olaveson, M. (2000). “Development of phytoplankton community in a pit-lake in relation to water quality changes.” Water Res., 35, 3215–3225.
13- Wunderlin, D. A., Diaz, M., AME, M. M. V., Pesce, S. F., Hued, A. C., and Bistoni, M. (2001). “Patern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality, A case study: Suquia river bassin (Cordoba-Artgentina).” Water Res., 35, 2881–2894.
14- Camdevyren, H., Demyr, N., Kanik, A.,and Keskyn, S. (2005). “Use of principal component scores in multiple linear regression models for prediction of Chlorophyll-a in reservoirs.” Ecol. Model., 181, 581–589.
15- Shrestha, S., and Kazama, F. (2007). “Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fujiriver basin, Japan.” Environmental Modelling and Software, 22, 464-475.
16-Parinet, B., Lhote, A., and Legube, B. (2004). “Principal component analysis: An appropriate tool for water quality evaluation and management—application to a tropical lake system.” Ecol. Model., 178, 295–311.
17- کارآموز، م.، کراچیان، ر.، زهرایی، ب.، و جعفرزاده، ن. ا. (1384). برنامه‌ریزی برای تدوین طرحهای جامع کاهش آلودگی سیستم‌های رودخانه‌ای، مطالعه موردی: سیستم رودخانه‌ای کارون.م. علمی - پژوهشی تحقیقات منابع آب ایران، 1، 12-28.
18- Karamouz, M., Kerachian, R., and Karimi, M. (2004). “Water quality monitoring network for river systems: Application of genetic algorithm.” Proc. of ASCE World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2004,Salt Lake City,Utah,USA.
19- Karamouz, M., Hafez, B., and Kerachian, R. (2005). “Water quality monitoring network for river systems using geostatistical methods.” Proc. of ASCE World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005,Alaska,USA.
20- Karamouz, M., Baghvand, A., Khajehzadeh Nokhandan, A., and Kerachian, R. (2006). “Design of river water quality monitoring networks using an entropy based approach: A case study.” Proc. of the 2006 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Nebraska, USA.
21- Manly, B.  F.  J. (1986). Multivariate statistical methods: A primer, 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall,London.
22- Johnson, R. A., and Wichern, D. W. (1982). Applied multivariate statistical analysis, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, SA, 590.
23- Legates, D. R., and McCabe, G. J. (1999). “Evaluating the use of "goodness-of-fit" measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation.” Water Resour. Res., 35, 233-241.
24- Davis, J. C. (1986). Statistical and data analysis in geology, 2nd Ed., John Willey and Sons,New York.
25- Wackernagel, H. (1995). Multivariate geostatistics, an introduction with applications, 2nd Ed., Springer,New York andLondon.
26- Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics, 3rd Ed., Allyn and Bacon,Boston,London.
 27- Anderson, T. W., and Sclove, S. L. (1986). The statistical analysis of data, 2nd Ed., The Scientific Press, California, USA.