مهندسین مشاور طرح و تحقیقات آب و فاضلاب اصفهانمجله آب و فاضلاب1024-593632520211222Adsorption of Alizarin Red S Dye on Raw Endoskeleton Nanopowder of Cuttlefish (Sepia Pharaonis) from Water Solutions: Mechanism, Kinetics and Equilibrium ModelingAdsorption of Alizarin Red S Dye on Raw Endoskeleton Nanopowder of Cuttlefish (Sepia Pharaonis) from Water Solutions: Mechanism, Kinetics and Equilibrium Modeling11113631710.22093/wwj.2020.248031.3065FAنادره رهبرProf., Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-0663-7075کورش طباطباییPharm. D., Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iranزهرا رمضانیProf., Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20200914The potential of the raw cuttlebone nano-powder (CBNP), a biomass waste, as a novel and nontoxic adsorbent for the adsorption of Alizarin Red S (ARS) from water solutions was investigated. To achieve the highest efficiency for the removal of ARS, some affecting factors were optimized. Common techniques (FTIR, FESEM, EDX and XRF) were used to characterize the physicochemical features of the adsorbent. Various kinetic and isotherm models were used to obtain the useful information about the adsorption mechanism of the dye onto the adsorbent. The maximum dye removal efficiency was obtained with the adsorbent amount of 500 mg (in 50 mL) and initial pH of 2 in 10 min for 20 mg/L ARS solution. Under these optimum conditions the complete removal of ARS was obtained while the maximum adsorption capacity was 38.51 mg/g. The well fitness of pseudo-second order kinetic model in the adsorption process was proved by kinetic studies. According to the obtained results, Freundlich isotherm model can suitably describe the adsorption of ARS on the sorbent. The achieved results from this study showed the excellent capability of CBNP for the adsorption of ARS.The potential of the raw cuttlebone nano-powder (CBNP), a biomass waste, as a novel and nontoxic adsorbent for the adsorption of Alizarin Red S (ARS) from water solutions was investigated. To achieve the highest efficiency for the removal of ARS, some affecting factors were optimized. Common techniques (FTIR, FESEM, EDX and XRF) were used to characterize the physicochemical features of the adsorbent. Various kinetic and isotherm models were used to obtain the useful information about the adsorption mechanism of the dye onto the adsorbent. The maximum dye removal efficiency was obtained with the adsorbent amount of 500 mg (in 50 mL) and initial pH of 2 in 10 min for 20 mg/L ARS solution. Under these optimum conditions the complete removal of ARS was obtained while the maximum adsorption capacity was 38.51 mg/g. The well fitness of pseudo-second order kinetic model in the adsorption process was proved by kinetic studies. According to the obtained results, Freundlich isotherm model can suitably describe the adsorption of ARS on the sorbent. The achieved results from this study showed the excellent capability of CBNP for the adsorption of ARS.https://www.wwjournal.ir/article_136317_46f39541ca88610f6cd1ced1cb0106fc.pdfمهندسین مشاور طرح و تحقیقات آب و فاضلاب اصفهانمجله آب و فاضلاب1024-593632520211222Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Co-Resistance in Bacterial Isolates of Industrial EffluentsHeavy Metals and Antibiotic Co-Resistance in Bacterial Isolates of Industrial Effluents122013720110.22093/wwj.2021.257072.3079FAآرزو طهمورث پورAssoc. Prof., Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20201112Heavy metal and antibiotic co-resistance is a global issue. The goal of this research was to explore the heavy metal, also antibiotic resistance patterns of effluent bacterial isolates. Heavy metal resistant bacteria were isolated from effluents and their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined. The Multi-Metal resistance (MMR) pattern and antibiotic resistance trait of isolates were defined. The MIC of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> was 4, 8, 12 and 24 mM/L, respectively. Most of the isolates indicated the Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> resistance and high resistance to the most tested antibiotics. The 16S rDNA gene sequences of resistant isolates were handed over to NCBI-GenBank as <em>Staphylococcus sp</em>. ATHA2(JX120151) and <em>Klebsiella oxytoca</em> ATHA1(JQ928574). Correlation was found between metal tolerances, heavy metal concentration, also antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Thus, it is important to not only be aware of antibiotics misapplication, but also respond to excessive discharge of effluent containing heavy metals to the environment.Heavy metal and antibiotic co-resistance is a global issue. The goal of this research was to explore the heavy metal, also antibiotic resistance patterns of effluent bacterial isolates. Heavy metal resistant bacteria were isolated from effluents and their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined. The Multi-Metal resistance (MMR) pattern and antibiotic resistance trait of isolates were defined. The MIC of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> was 4, 8, 12 and 24 mM/L, respectively. Most of the isolates indicated the Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> resistance and high resistance to the most tested antibiotics. The 16S rDNA gene sequences of resistant isolates were handed over to NCBI-GenBank as <em>Staphylococcus sp</em>. ATHA2(JX120151) and <em>Klebsiella oxytoca</em> ATHA1(JQ928574). Correlation was found between metal tolerances, heavy metal concentration, also antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Thus, it is important to not only be aware of antibiotics misapplication, but also respond to excessive discharge of effluent containing heavy metals to the environment.https://www.wwjournal.ir/article_137201_b41dcd6f288d9bf953e106539a370d56.pdfمهندسین مشاور طرح و تحقیقات آب و فاضلاب اصفهانمجله آب و فاضلاب1024-593632520211222Examining Drinking Water Security in Rural Areas of Iran: Perspectives from a Quantitative AnalysisExamining Drinking Water Security in Rural Areas of Iran: Perspectives from a Quantitative Analysis213213736310.22093/wwj.2021.283545.3134FAنوشین کریمی علویجهPhD Student, Dept. of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iranمحمد علی فلاحیProf., Dept. of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iranمحمدطاهر احمدی شادمهریAssoc. Prof., Dept. of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iranنرگس صالح نیاAssist. Prof., Dept. of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20210427Water is one of the basic needs of individuals and communities. In a way, without it, the growth and sustainability of societies is not possible. In recent decades, due to the effects of climate change and human activities, many parts of the world have faced water-related crises. Hence, this issue has jeopardized the sustainability of villages, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to quantify drinking water security in rural areas of Iran during the years 2013-2019. For this purpose, this paper has developed a rural water security assessment framework with four dimensions and ten indicators. The scale of the rural water security index is between 1 and 5. Based on findings, three dimensions: “availability”, “accessibility” and “water health and sanitation”, all show an upward trend, reflecting an overall improvement of water-related infrastructure in rural areas. Whereas the “economic value of water” dimension depicts a steady trend. Also, for the period of 2013-2019, the results show the improvement of rural drinking water security in Iran.Water is one of the basic needs of individuals and communities. In a way, without it, the growth and sustainability of societies is not possible. In recent decades, due to the effects of climate change and human activities, many parts of the world have faced water-related crises. Hence, this issue has jeopardized the sustainability of villages, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to quantify drinking water security in rural areas of Iran during the years 2013-2019. For this purpose, this paper has developed a rural water security assessment framework with four dimensions and ten indicators. The scale of the rural water security index is between 1 and 5. Based on findings, three dimensions: “availability”, “accessibility” and “water health and sanitation”, all show an upward trend, reflecting an overall improvement of water-related infrastructure in rural areas. Whereas the “economic value of water” dimension depicts a steady trend. Also, for the period of 2013-2019, the results show the improvement of rural drinking water security in Iran.https://www.wwjournal.ir/article_137363_2f62e1b47912d4873fb88e426b6153d7.pdfمهندسین مشاور طرح و تحقیقات آب و فاضلاب اصفهانمجله آب و فاضلاب1024-593632520211222Selection of Wastewater Treatment Plants Toward a Sustainable Design and Water Reuse: (A Case Study in the City of Mashhad)Selection of Wastewater Treatment Plants Toward a Sustainable Design and Water Reuse: (A Case Study in the City of Mashhad)334314089010.22093/wwj.2021.300225.3169FAمعصومه حسینیFormer Graduate Student, Energy Systems Engineering Group, Dept. of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iranاکرم عوامیAssoc. Prof., Energy Systems Engineering Group, Dept. of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iranفرهاد میثمیExpert, Mashhad Water and Wastewater Company, Mashhad, Iranسید محمد تفضلیDeputy Minister of Planning and Investment Development, Abfa, Mashhad, Iranفرشته آرامونFormer Graduate Student, Energy Systems Engineering Group, Dept. of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IranJournal Article20210817The need for water reuse application in Mashhad which is the second largest city of Iran has been recognized in recent years. This need has forced local authorities to pursue upgrading the existing or installing the more advanced wastewater treatment plants for potential water reuse applications. However, the selection of suitable wastewater treatment train technologies is complex and may require a user-friendly tool to facilitate decision-making process for authorities, which is the focus of this paper. To advance the main focus of the study, this paper is prepared to develop and simulate various treatment train technologies based on multiple criteria analysis considering technical, social, economic, and environmental issues. The treatment technologies considered for simulations in this study include Moving Bed Bio Reactor, Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge, Sequencing Batch Reactor, Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic, and Modified Ludzack-Ettinger. At first, multiple simulations were performed and then a multi-criteria analysis was performed in order to select the most appropriate treatment technology. As part of this study, additional simulations were performed with respect to different sludge management alternatives including the utilization of energy produced from biogas. The overall results showed that A<sup>2</sup>/O treatment technology is the most suitable treatment for producing a highly reliable effluent quality for sustainable use of water reuse. With additional local data collection, the methods and the preliminary simulations performed in this study can further be improved to enhance the current decision-making tool for possible future practical use in Mashhad and other cities in Iran.The need for water reuse application in Mashhad which is the second largest city of Iran has been recognized in recent years. This need has forced local authorities to pursue upgrading the existing or installing the more advanced wastewater treatment plants for potential water reuse applications. However, the selection of suitable wastewater treatment train technologies is complex and may require a user-friendly tool to facilitate decision-making process for authorities, which is the focus of this paper. To advance the main focus of the study, this paper is prepared to develop and simulate various treatment train technologies based on multiple criteria analysis considering technical, social, economic, and environmental issues. The treatment technologies considered for simulations in this study include Moving Bed Bio Reactor, Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge, Sequencing Batch Reactor, Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic, and Modified Ludzack-Ettinger. At first, multiple simulations were performed and then a multi-criteria analysis was performed in order to select the most appropriate treatment technology. As part of this study, additional simulations were performed with respect to different sludge management alternatives including the utilization of energy produced from biogas. The overall results showed that A<sup>2</sup>/O treatment technology is the most suitable treatment for producing a highly reliable effluent quality for sustainable use of water reuse. With additional local data collection, the methods and the preliminary simulations performed in this study can further be improved to enhance the current decision-making tool for possible future practical use in Mashhad and other cities in Iran.https://www.wwjournal.ir/article_140890_3f979db10a62f438452a1e2025596fb6.pdfمهندسین مشاور طرح و تحقیقات آب و فاضلاب اصفهانمجله آب و فاضلاب1024-593632520211222Geospatial Modeling of Urban Sewage Network Operations Based on DRASTIC Model (A Case Study of Isfahan)Geospatial Modeling of Urban Sewage Network Operations Based on DRASTIC Model (A Case Study of Isfahan)446014290110.22093/wwj.2021.300889.3171FAفرهاد کتیراییPhD. Candidate of GIS and RS, Dept. of GIS and RS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iranعلیرضا قراگوزلوAssoc. Prof., Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iranعلی اصغر آل شیخProf., Dept. of GIS, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iranامیرهومن حمصیProf., Dept. of Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20210823In recent years, old urban sewage networks have encountered numerous flaws, leading to several important problems in the environment, such as groundwater pollution, excessive growth of tree roots inside sewer pipes, etc. To tackle such problems, innovative approaches must be practiced in urban sewage networks operations. To this aim, a spatial model based on "predictive analysis" and smart technology in the sewage network operation management is needed. Our proposed model was firstly applied for the city of Isfahan to evaluate and predict possible accidents in the urban sewage network. Our model is based on DRASTIC model and Geographic information system. The sewage accidents were assessed by combining the results of DRASTIC model and Getis-Ord Gi* index. This model could assess the previous sewage accidents and predict the probability of future accidents in cities, as well as their environmental risks. In this study, the intention was to identify the hot spots of accidents in the sewage network using GIS; then by studying the factors affecting the accidents, and geological and environmental parameters, a spatial model was designed. Combination of the Getis-Ord Gi* index and DRASTIC model is the main innovation of this research. In the study area, the following items were determined as the most important factors in the sewage accidents: 1- soil type, 2-inappropriate infrastructure, 3-inappropriate pipes with older age, 4-lower diameter. Finally, this model showed that there was a significant relationship between spatial and environmental indices in the study area. Also, the significance value obtained from the statistical analysis of the relationship between pipe diameters and sewer network accidents was equal to 0.004 and the significance value obtained from the statistical analysis of the relationship between pipe life and such events based on Kendall and Spearman tests were calculated as 0.05 and 0.37, respectively.In recent years, old urban sewage networks have encountered numerous flaws, leading to several important problems in the environment, such as groundwater pollution, excessive growth of tree roots inside sewer pipes, etc. To tackle such problems, innovative approaches must be practiced in urban sewage networks operations. To this aim, a spatial model based on "predictive analysis" and smart technology in the sewage network operation management is needed. Our proposed model was firstly applied for the city of Isfahan to evaluate and predict possible accidents in the urban sewage network. Our model is based on DRASTIC model and Geographic information system. The sewage accidents were assessed by combining the results of DRASTIC model and Getis-Ord Gi* index. This model could assess the previous sewage accidents and predict the probability of future accidents in cities, as well as their environmental risks. In this study, the intention was to identify the hot spots of accidents in the sewage network using GIS; then by studying the factors affecting the accidents, and geological and environmental parameters, a spatial model was designed. Combination of the Getis-Ord Gi* index and DRASTIC model is the main innovation of this research. In the study area, the following items were determined as the most important factors in the sewage accidents: 1- soil type, 2-inappropriate infrastructure, 3-inappropriate pipes with older age, 4-lower diameter. Finally, this model showed that there was a significant relationship between spatial and environmental indices in the study area. Also, the significance value obtained from the statistical analysis of the relationship between pipe diameters and sewer network accidents was equal to 0.004 and the significance value obtained from the statistical analysis of the relationship between pipe life and such events based on Kendall and Spearman tests were calculated as 0.05 and 0.37, respectively.https://www.wwjournal.ir/article_142901_ca3f226b2fa530c9a1cffd169a94b854.pdfمهندسین مشاور طرح و تحقیقات آب و فاضلاب اصفهانمجله آب و فاضلاب1024-593632520211222New Isolated Extremophiles Arsenic Oxidizing Bacteria for the Removal of Arsenic from High- and Low-COD MediaNew Isolated Extremophiles Arsenic Oxidizing Bacteria for the Removal of Arsenic from High- and Low-COD Media616914315710.22093/wwj.2021.314968.3196FAآزاده زهرا فاطمیPhD. Candidate, Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iranمحمد طباطباییAssoc. Prof., Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran0000-0002-3743-6583عبداله درخشندهProf., Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iranسید مهدی برقعیProf., Dept. of Chemical and Civil Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9825-9832)مسعود نوشادیProf., Dept. of Water Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20211113There is an urgent need for the removal of arsenic (As) from groundwater and wastewater as it is a very hazardous heavy metal for human and environmental health. In this research, As-resistant and oxidizing bacteria were isolated from the Maharloo Lake (27 km southeast of Shiraz city) and identified to a great extent. Three isolated bacillus-shaped strains (called F5, F6 and F7) tolerated up to 1 M AsNaO<sub>2</sub>, grew up to 3.5 M NaCl and pH 12, and consumed NaSCN and Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The molecular analysis confirmed the originality of the strains to a high extent. The As absorption rate by these bacteria was measured by the atomic absorption method, and their effect was examined on a water sample from the south of Kerman city (Iran) and a synthetic wastewater sample with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of about 180,000 kg/m<sup>3 </sup>that was able to absorb high levels of arsenic.There is an urgent need for the removal of arsenic (As) from groundwater and wastewater as it is a very hazardous heavy metal for human and environmental health. In this research, As-resistant and oxidizing bacteria were isolated from the Maharloo Lake (27 km southeast of Shiraz city) and identified to a great extent. Three isolated bacillus-shaped strains (called F5, F6 and F7) tolerated up to 1 M AsNaO<sub>2</sub>, grew up to 3.5 M NaCl and pH 12, and consumed NaSCN and Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The molecular analysis confirmed the originality of the strains to a high extent. The As absorption rate by these bacteria was measured by the atomic absorption method, and their effect was examined on a water sample from the south of Kerman city (Iran) and a synthetic wastewater sample with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of about 180,000 kg/m<sup>3 </sup>that was able to absorb high levels of arsenic.https://www.wwjournal.ir/article_143157_ba3fc633cf7196c435850b1a9bed44bb.pdf